1. Preface

        At turn of the century, the economic globalization process is obviously accelerated, science and technology is developing rapidly, knowledge economy is taking shape, and the world economy is experiencing drastic and profound changes. The world is undergoing large-scale recombination of labor division, world-wide resource distribution is evolving further, scientific and technological innovation ability has already become the leading factor for international competition. By seizing the opportune moment of forthcoming historical breakthrough in science and technology, the major developed countries are attempting to occupy the dominating points of the 21st century in reliance of their scientific and technological advantages. And developing countries are actively adjusting their strategies to speed up the development of science and technology, striving to gain a favorable position in the future international political and economic pattern. In this new international competition, scientific and technological competitiveness will become an important factor for determining the future and destiny of a country, and will play a key role in promoting economic development, accelerating social progress and maintaining national security.

        With the realization of the second-stage strategic objectives of socialist modernization drive, China's economy, society and scientific and technological development has stepped into a new period. The Tenth Five-year Plan Period is a crucial period for our country to implement the third-stage strategic plan for the modernization drive. To promote strategic economic restructuring and to realize qualitative leaps of social productivity have become the major tasks for scientific and technical work in the new period. Proceeding from the requirements of national economy, social development and national security, and in accordance with the characteristics and rules of scientific and technological development itself, the special plan for scientific and technological development in the Tenth Five-year Plan Period specifies the guidelines and strategic policies for development, identified the disposition and major objectives for scientific and technological research in the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, defines the direction of restructuring, and put forward the favorable conditions and supporting measures for promoting development. It is a programmatic document to standardize the scientific and technological work of the government and to guide the scientific and technological activities of the whole society. The establishment and implementation of the special plan for scientific and technological development in the Tenth Five-year Plan Period is of crucial importance for implementing the strategy of revitalizing the nation through science and education, enhancing the scientific and technological innovation ability, promoting the strategic economic restructuring, realizing the long-term economic and social development of our country and maintaining national security.

2.Current Situation and Development Status

        Guided by the strategy of "revitalizing the nation through science and education", during the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period, China's scientific and technological development made remarkable contributions to promoting economic construction and social development, and the strength of science and technology itself was improved by a large margin. In the field of agricultural technology, more than 600 new species were bred, and the yield increased by 10% per unit area. The popularization of such remarkable technologies as rice dry-breeding and traverse-planting and water-saving techniques, ABT plant pharmaceutical, and wheat dry-land seedling and sheet-covering cultivating, etc. effectively ensured the realization of the increase goal of grain production of the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period. Several substantial breakthroughs were made in the fields of industry and technology, and the technical level of our key industry were greatly raised. A series of great achievements were registered in the industrialization of digital program-controlled exchanges, oxygen coal-intensified iron-smelting technology, nickel hydrogen battery, and non-crystal material, etc. In combination of a series of national key construction projects such as the Three Gorges Project, national economy information technology, integrated circuit, the second stage of Qinshan nuclear power station, etc. a batch of key technologies were resolved and the technology for the design and manufacturing of numerous major complete sets of technical equipments were mastered through introduction, assimilation and innovation; the popularization and application of a batch of significant common technologies such as CAD and CIMS improved the enterprise's technological innovation ability by a large margin; the implementation of some key projects such as innovative medicine, water resources utilization and protection, fairly well housing, and historical division between Xia and Zhou Dynasties, etc. and the construction of such scientific popularization facilities as the project of the second stage of China Science and Technology Center made great contributions to the development of social undertakings.

        In hi-tech research and industrialization, remarkable breakthroughs were made in such aeronautic technologies as manned aeronautic technology, carrier rocket and satellite technology, etc.; the breakthroughs in such technologies as two-series hybrid rice, genetic engineering medicine, transgenic animals and plants, relevant gene sequencing and diagnosis and treatment of severer diseases placed the overall level of biotechnology of our country close to that of the developed countries; the great achievements in high-definition TV, "Shenwei" computer, large-size monocrystalline silicon material, skin stem cell regeneration technology, etc. pushed our country into the leading ranks of the world in corresponding fields. The development of national defense science and technology laid a solid foundation for increasing our national defense strength and promoted the technological advances of our national defense industry. In the research field of fundamental science, great progresses were attained in human gene sequencing, nano-carbon tube and nanometer new materials, study on Cambrian life outburst, study on the electrical system of computers, drilling in South China Sea, etc.; such burgeoning interrelated disciplines as surface science, nonlinear science, cognitive science and the earth system science experienced a rapid development; the construction of the eight key national scientific projects such as China Continental Scientific Drilling Project, panoramic multi-target optic fibre spectrum astronomical telescope, etc. created good conditions for the research of fundamental science of our country.

        During the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period, breakthroughs were made in the reform of scientific and technological structure, the phased objective set forth for the scientific and technological restructuring was preliminarily attained. The strategic focus of scientific and technological work was shifted to the main battlefield of national economic construction, and the scientific and technological strength of enterprises was further enhanced. The 242 national-level technological development institutes and academies basically fulfilled their institutional transformation, and the operation of most scientific research institutions was directly oriented to market demand. Initial achievements were made in the pilot projects of knowledge innovation. The reform of college management system basically finished, and the scientific and technological resources were redistributed in a rational manner. Private scientific and technological enterprises emerged rapidly, and the technical market developed quickly. The macro-technological management system improved steadily, a new-type scientific and technological system adaptable to the socialist market economy was taking shape, and the construction of national innovative system was evolving progressively.

        At present, a fairly complete scientific research and technological development system has already been formulated, and the overall development level takes the leading place among the developing countries. In 1999, the total number of full-time scientists and engineers engaged in research and development (R&D) reached 531,000, of which enterprises account for 31.3%; the expense on R&D activities reached 67,890 million yuan, accounting for 0.83% of the GDP, of which the funds for enterprise-based R&D accounted for 48.3%; by now, 217 national-level key laboratories (including 60 key laboratories for national defense), 188 national project centers and 294 national-level enterprise technical centers have been built up; 44536 technical papers have been accepted by international authoritative organizations, 92101 patents have been authorized, of which there are 3097 patents for invention; the volume of export of new hi-tech products amounted to $24.7 billion; and the total income from technology, industry and trade of the 53 national-level new and hi-tech development zones amounted to 677.48 billion yuan, and the industrial added value reached 147.62 billion yuan.

        In the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, the economic, social and scientific development of our country will be faced with new opportunities and challenges. To improve the overall quality of our national economy and accelerate the strategic readjustment of our economic structure will impose much higher demands for the development of science and technology. To accelerate the development of new and hi-tech industry, to speed up the transformation of traditional industry through new and high technology and to ensure the agriculture of a sustainable development will foster generous demands for advanced technology. To push enterprise reform, to establish and improve the innovative mechanism in accordance with the requirements of market competition, to continuously improve the enterprise's technological innovation ability and to promote the industrial technological upgrading will for sure require extensive renewal of equipments and need to accelerate the digestion, assimilation and innovation process of introduced technologies. After China's entry into WTO, the world-wide industrial restructuring and shifting will provide a new opportunity for the economic development of our country. The integration of international economy, science and technology and the emergence of numerous breakthrough technologies will create conditions for our country to make technological advances by leaps and bounds. The international and military situation is intricate and complicated, and to safeguard national security and territorial integrity will impose higher and more urgent requirements for the development of national defense science and technology. However, at present, the scientific and technological ability of our country still can't meet the demands of national economy, social development and national security, especially we are still weak in independent innovation and sustainable innovation ability. There still exist some factors which are unfavorable for the industrialized development of science and technology with respect to the system, mechanism and ideological thinking. The investment in science and technology is still insufficient, talents are scant, infrastructure for research is backward. All these are restrictive factors for the development of science and technology. "Technological bottleneck" will be a major restrictive factor for the long-term economic and social development. Therefore, we must further implement Comrade Deng Xiaoping's important thought of "Science and technology is the primary productive force" and carry out the strategies of "revitalizing the nation through science and education" and "sustainable development" in an all-round way. We should tightly embrace the third-phase strategic plan of modernization drive and the requirements for the development of socialist market economy, and put the scientific and technological innovation at the top priority of economic construction and promote the productivity to develop with qualitative leaps. We must take scientific and technological innovation as the main initiative for pushing economic restructuring and promoting economic and social development.

3. Guiding Principles and Development Objectives

        The experience of development of science and technology indicates that only by grasping the primary contradiction in different historical periods of development and setting forth the guiding principles for scientific and technological work practically can the scientific and technological undertakings be developed rapidly.

1 Guiding Principles and Basic Policies

        During and after the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, our scientific and technological work should be oriented to economic construction, embrace structural adjustment tightly, follow up in an all-round way and make breakthroughs at key points in accordance with the principles of doing something while leaving some others undone. We should develop high technology and realize industrialization, improve hi-tech scientific and technological innovation ability and realize frog-leap development in technology (abbreviated as "innovation and industrialization" principles). We must strive to catch up with the advanced international level in some major fields and narrow the gap, reach the advanced international level in part of the fields with relative advantages, and make breakthroughs in local and frog-leap fields.

        According to the guiding principles of "innovation and industrialization", the scientific and technological development during the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period must adhere to the following principles:

        (1.1) Stress on the national objectives. We must embrace tightly the strategic readjustment of economic structure, sustainable development and the remarkable demands for national security; determine the key areas for the development of science and technology; enhance strategic research and macro controls; consider the short, medium and long-term goals coordinately, and push the integrated development of economy and technology.

        (1.2) Adhere to the market orientation. We must give full play to the fundamental role of market in resources distribution; raise the efficiency and increase the benefits of technological activities through market competition and cooperation mechanism; and advance the development of science and technology in an all-round way.

        (1.3) Realize technological leaps. Organize meticulously the key fields in which our country have relative advantages or that we must seize strategically; enhance the combination between production, teaching and research; and make vigorous efforts to make significant breakthroughs so as to realize a frog-leap in technical development.

        (1.4) Strengthen independent innovation. Insist on the combination between independent study, development and introduction, digestion and assimilation; enhance fundamental research conscientiously; pay attention to original innovation; increase the investment in science and technology by even larger margin; and continuously improve the independent innovation ability.

        (1.5) Strengthen army-civilian combination. Carry out the principles of army-civilian combination and peacetime-wartime combination; enhance the independent development capacity for defense science and technology; stick to the principles of residing military within civilians and develop army-civilian dual-purpose technology in a more cost-effective manner, promote the two-way technological transformation, and offer scientific and technological support for national security and the development of national economy.

        (1.6) Embody the concept of people first. Give full play to the core role of innovative talents in the development of science and technology; renovate the environment, optimize the mechanism and inspire the initiative spirit of innovative potential of the scientific and technological personnel.

        (1.7) Promote the coordinated development of regional science and technology. Seize the opportunity of developing the west to promote regional scientific and technological cooperation and coordinated development, and improve the scientific and technological innovation ability of the whole society continuously.

2. Development Objectives

        The overall objectives for the development of science and technology are: implement the strategy of revitalizing the nation through science and education, deepen the reform of scientific and technological structure, initially establish a national innovative system which conforms to the system of socialist market economy and the development of science and technology itself; rapidly improve the international competitiveness of our industries, promote the sustainable development of our national economy, improve people's quality of life, increase the overall national strength and ensure national security; improve the overall level of the science and technology and the independent innovation ability by a large margin; upgrade the scientific and technological quality of the whole nation in an all-round way.

        During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, the objectives for the development of science and technology are:

        2.1The technological level and international competitiveness of industries are greatly improved. Establish a research and development system for the common technologies of industries, and master a batch of key technologies and common technologies with independent intellectual property rights in the fields of key technologies which are provided with good market prospects and close industrial interactions and which can produce remarkable impetus for the development of our national economy; consolidate the technical support for the development of hi-tech industries, build a batch of first-class high and new technology industrial development zones, foster a batch of large-size enterprises and enterprise groups that are capable of participating in international competition, promote the new and hi-tech industry to develop rapidly, raise the technical level of the key sectors of agriculture, industry and service trade up to that of mid-1990s of the developed countries, and some certain fields should enter the advanced ranks of the world.

        2.2 Realize some breakthroughs in basic research and strategic hi-tech research. Concentrate on the key fields which can greatly influence our economic and social development and national security, and in which our country has comparative advantages, so as to achieve significant breakthroughs. Up to 2005, strive to approach or reach the world front in several important science domains and strategic hi-tech fields, make great innovative scientific achievements of great international influence, and lay a solid scientific and technological foundation for the long term development of our economy and society.

        2.3 Provide scientific and technological support for the coordinated development of population, resources and environment. Set up a comparatively perfect system for social development and scientific research, protect ecological environment, improve the health of the people, upgrade the quality of life, raise the efficiency of resources utilization, enhance the ability to reduce natural disasters, social security and service, promote the fast development of all social undertakings and related industries.

        2.4. The investment in science and technology of the whole society increases distinctively. By 2005, research and development (R&D) funds of the whole society will account for more than 1.5% of the GDP, the investment enterprise R&D will account for more than 50% of that of the whole society, and the R&D funds for new and hi-tech enterprises will exceed 5% of the annual sales income.

        2.5 The scientific and technological talents meet the demands of development steadily. Foster and pool a large number of internationally reputed scholars who have made important achievements in science and technology, bring up numbers of senior experts who can solve crucial technical problems in system engineering and a large number of talents for scientific and technical innovation who are adapted to market competition. Up to 2005, the number of scientists and engineers engaged in full-time R&D activities will reach 900,000 per year.

        2.6 The scientific and technological infrastructure will be improved progressively. Build a number of important scientific projects of international level, complete a batch of world class scientific research bases, immensely improve the basic conditions and infrastructure of science and technology, realize resource-sharing, and improve the supportability of scientific and technological activities.

4. Strategic Plan and Main Tasks

        During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, the scientific and technological research of our country must concentrate on the main tasks of strategic readjustment of economic structure, abide by the guiding principles of "innovation and industrialization", accord with the urgent demands of the current development of the national economy and the strategic requirements of the medium and long-term development, and carry out the strategic plan in the two layers of "promoting technological upgrading of industries" and "improving the sustainable innovative ability of science and technology". Firstly, enterprises should be the main bodies for technological innovation. They should mainly capture the key technology for industrial development, promote the development of new and hi-tech industries, utilize the high and new technology to transform traditional industries, and promote technological upgrading and structural readjustment of industries. Secondly, give full play to the role of universities and research institutions, vigorously launch strategic research on high technology and original basic research, improve ability for sustainable innovation of high technology, strive to realize frog-leap development in the fields of relative advantages or in the key fields of strategic competency.

        According to the above-mentioned strategic plan, the main tasks for the development of science and technology during the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period are:

1. Enhance the research on key common technologies so as to provide support for the strategic readjustment of economic structure and sustainable development

        1.1 Accelerate industrial technology upgrading

        In accordance with the urgent demands of optimization and readjustment of industrial structure, and taking the technological innovation of enterprises as the main body, promote technological upgrading, accelerate the development of common technologies, key technologies and supporting technologies which can promote structural upgrading and sustainable development. Put agricultural technology at the primary position of scientific and technological research, take the deep processing of agricultural products as the locomotive, improve the pre- and post-production technical levels, optimize the agricultural structure, and raise its quality and efficiency. Implement the development strategy of "developing industrialization through informationization", use the new and high technologies represented by information technology to transform traditional industry, greatly promote the technical levels of basic industries. Take the equipment manufacturing as the breach to solve the key, common and crucial difficult points in technology faced up by industrial upgrading, strengthen the engineering research on applied technologies, and improve the levels of technological accountants and localization of complete sets. Break through the core technology of the development of new and high-tech industries, accelerate the transformation of achievements, promote the fast growth of small and medium-sized technological enterprises, build up industrial bases for new and high technologies, speed up the development of new and high-tech industries, and foster new economic growth points.

Agriculture

        Concentrate on the implementation of key projects involving technologies of deep processing and transformation of agricultural products, water-saving agricultural technology, breeding of new varieties of agricultural crops with high quality, high yield and high efficient, prevention of severe plant diseases and insect pests, IT application to agriculture, agricultural chemicals invention, high-efficient animal husbandry, ecological agriculture, and high-efficient agricultural technologies, etc. Redouble the efforts for the popularization and promotion of advanced applicable technologies, improve the application level of information technology and biological technology in agricultural production, set up an agricultural technology popularization system characterized by pluralized team and diversified forms, actively launch agricultural standardization, foster agricultural technology market, and build up demonstration bases for high-quality and high-efficient agricultural products.

Basic industries

        Equipment manufacturing industry. Concentrate on the implementation of such key projects as information application engineering for manufacturing industry represented by CAD, CAM and CIMS, digital control lathe, industrial robot, large-scale agricultural machinery and engineering construction machinery, comprehensive manufacturing technology and products of automobiles, manufacturing technology and special equipments for electronic products, fine-precision measurement and testing technology and instruments, and demonstration of equipment manufacturing industry for the transformation of new and high technologies. Carry out the research and development of such major equipments as heavy-duty hydropower generator units, large-scale ethylene, chemical fertilizer and mining and excavating equipments; seize the opportunity of the world-wide readjustment of industries and improve the technological innovation ability of the equipment manufacturing industry of our country, so as to provide support for our country to steadily become the important base for the world manufacturing industry.

        Energy industry. Speed up development and promote industrialization by centering on such technologies as clean utilization of coal, development and utilization of natural gas, nuclear energy and recycled energy, etc., improve the energy structure, raise the utilization efficiency, and prevent environmental pollution. Implement the key projects centering on clean coal technology, fuel cell technology, industrialization technology for regenerated energy, advanced high-efficient power generating technology and equipments, national power networking technology, technology related to "West-East natural gas transmission", energy-saving technology and development of relevant products, key technology for nuclear fuel recycling, etc.

        Communication and transportation industry. Speed up technological development and promote industrialization by orienting towards comprehensive communication and transportation system and centering on the improvement of transportation capacity, efficiency and security. Mainly implement such key projects as intelligence system, container multi-modal transportation system and transportation handling complete sets, large-scale and high added value shipbuilding technology, electric automobile, high speed wheel track technology, urban rail transportation technology, and high speed maglev train technology, etc. and continue to implement the activities on clean automobile and clean energy.

        Material industry. Organize the research by centering on increase of varieties, improvement of quality and energy saving and cost reducing, develop the crucial material, basic material and key elements urgently needed by economic development and national defense construction. Mainly implement such key projects as high-accuracy sheet metal manufacturing technology, energy-efficient short-procedure technology, application and development of magnesium alloy, application of tombarthite, supporting new material for military industry, important inorganic nonmetallic materials, fine chemical industry material, etc.

        Light and textile industries. Targeted at raising the specification and international competitiveness of the products, mainly implement such key projects as post-dying treatment technology of textile products, manufacturing technology for high-simulation multi-functional diversified fibres, and high-efficient and low-pollution papermaking technologies.

The new and high-tech industry

        Mainly advance the development and industrialization of information, biological and new material technologies, actively develop such new and high-tech industries as new energy, Aero-Space, ocean, environmental protection, etc. Mainly capture such key technologies as high-speed broadband network, large-scale applied software, financial informationization, high-performance ground observation satellite and its application, e-commerce, network education, tele-medicine, etc., accelerate the information-based process of national economy; accelerate the application of biological technology in such important fields as agriculture, medicine and environmental protection, promote the development of relevant industries; expand particularly the application of new materials in the fields of microelectronics, energy, medical care, chemical industry, communications and transportation, agriculture, and building materials, etc.

        New and high-tech industrial parks

        Intensify the innovation environment construction and carving of the national new and high-tech industrial development zones, and enhance the construction of the service system of science and technology development park and various enterprise incubators; provide advantageous support for the suitable development zones so as to build them into science and technology park of international influence and important base for the export of hi-tech products, and actively foster the hi-tech industrial zones. Strengthen the research and demonstration of regional agricultural modernization, set up different types of demonstration gardens of agricultural science and technology.

        1.2 Promote social development

        Taking sustainable development as the starting point and centering on such important issues as population, resources and environment of our country, make an accurate selection of the breakthrough point, break through a batch of key technologies, and do a good job on the pilot and demonstration projects. Regarding the current situation of resource shortage of our country, especially that of serious shortage of water resources, accelerate the development of technology and equipments related to reasonable development and utilization of resources; to address the current situation of serious environmental pollution and degraded natural ecology, enhance the research and development on the key technology and engineering and complete set of environmental protection equipments in the field of environmental protection, set up a batch of demonstration projects and industrialization bases of environmental protection technologies, so as to drive the development of the environmental protection industry; take the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine as the breach point, targeting at the key technology for the industrialization of traditional Chinese medicine, strengthen the research and development of innovative medicines, and drive the development of medicine and relevant industries; targeting at the promotion of social undertakings, according to the requirements of the general public for quality of life covering human settlement environment, medical care, culture and education, social health-care, etc., reinforce the research on social public welfare technologies, develop advanced and applicable technology and products, and improve the people's living conditions.

        Water resources. Efforts are to be concentrated on the modes of comprehensive distribution and regulation for water resources, the water-saving technology and equipments for agriculture, industry and urban areas, the technology and equipments for the utilization of sewage resources, evaluation and bearing ability of water resources, the research and development for the utilization technology of marine resources, and set up different types of technological demonstration projects and clean production demonstration projects.

        Medicine and health. Especially implement such key projects covering the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, development of innovative drugs, prevention of severe diseases, series of medicines and technologies for family planning, biomedical engineering, new-type vaccine and medicine of biotechnology, bioreactor, artificial organs engineering, etc.

        Environmental protection. Efforts are to be devoted to such key technologies as the prevention and treatment of urban pollution, clean production of key industries, desertification control and treatment, environment monitoring and ecological protection, etc., develop the complete sets of equipments, and improve the level of scientific and technological industries of environmental protection of our country.

        Mineral resources. Vigorous efforts are to be made to implement such key projects as strategic rare mineral resources, technologies for the exploration, assessment and development of full-length oil gas fields, etc. raise the efficiency for the utilization of resources, alleviate the restriction of resources over economy and social development.

        Social undertakings. Accelerate the research and development of key technologies and products for the construction of education information technology; develop and improve the technologies for the monitoring and disaster-reducing systems of hydrology, earthquake, geology and ocean, etc. as well as the technologies for emergency handling and rescue of grave calamities and accidents; research and development the safety control technologies for food, environment and hazardous special equipments; enhance the research and development of standardization and measurement technologies, strengthen the research on WTO/TBT rules and quality management, improve the supervision level of quality and technology; reinforce the research on the systematic supporting technologies of urban planning and construction, and promote the urbanization process and mini-township construction; redouble the research on the technologies for the prevention and control of serious criminal activities; make even greater efforts to deepen the study on the technology of key historical relics protection origination of Chinese culture; accelerate the research on the key technologies related to the construction of social public database, animal and plant resources database and digital library.

        1.3 Improve the scientific and technological innovation ability of the western areas

        According to the general planning of west development promulgated by the Central Party Committee and the State Council, and in light of the thought of giving priority to science and education, actively implement scientific and technological activities of "development of western regions". Put the enhancement of scientific and technological innovation ability on the top priority, give full play to the scientific and technological potentiality of the west areas; center on the construction of ecological environment, rely on scientific and technological progress, and realize the rational combination between ecological environment construction, regional economic development and the target for the peasants and herdsmen to shake off poverty and set out on the road to prosperity; give play to the comparative advantage of the west areas, concentrate the efforts on the implementation of such demonstration projects as water-conservation, sand industry, forest and grass industry, featured industry development, information technology application and scientific and technological talent training, etc., promote the readjustment of industrial structures. Adhere to the market orientation, promote regional technological exchanges and cooperation,

        Establish and perfect the butt joint information network of technologies between the west and the east, promote the flow of technology, information and talents to the west, and realize the common development of the east, middle and west areas on the basis of complementary advantages.

2. Increase the sustainable innovation ability of science and technology, realize frog-leap development

        2.1 High-tech research and development

        In combination of the development trend of the international high technology and the requirements for the long-term development of our national economy and society, focus the efforts on the research and solution of the strategic and forward hi-tech problems which are closely related to the medium and long-term development and national security, concentrate all strength on the realization of breakthroughs in the key fields with relative advantages or strategic importance. Improve independent innovation ability and make vigorous efforts to realize industrialization in the hi-tech fields concerned with our national economic lifeline and security. Through efforts of five to ten years, form a batch of great hi-tech achievements with independent intellectual property rights, strive and occupy a tiny space in the field of high technology in the world, and realize a frog-leap development in the technical development stage in several important fields and key industries.

Information technology

        Center on the computer software and hardware technology, communication technology, information obscure and processing technology and information security technology, focus the research on the new-type computer technology which is characterized by strong computing function, reasoning function, image processing and self-adaptation network communication function, etc., the network environment-based core technology of system software and brand-new operating system technology, the technology for the environment of Chinese information processing, the technology for the network and exchange needed by the new-generation information networking, the systematic technology of full optical communication, the systematic technology of broadband personal communications, etc. Develop the air-ground integrated information obscure and processing technology, and construct our national remote sensing geographical information system. Have a good mastery of such key technologies as information protection, hidden danger detection, security response, etc. Concentrate on the development of high-performance computer and its core software, high-performance broadband information net, super-large integrated circuit, information application and service system for national space, etc. Make vigorous efforts to reach the world advanced level by 2010 in the selected key directions, so as to provide technical support for the construction of information infrastructure of our country.

Biotechnology

        Center on the frontline technologies such as gene operation and biological information, focus on the research of the separation, cloning structure and function of the important functional genes, technologies for molecule design and medicament screening, biochip, technologies for molecule inheritance mark breeding, microorganism recombination technology, agricultural biologic products, release-controlled special-purpose comprehensive fertilizer, and accurate agricultural technology, etc. Concentrate on the solution of major agricultural and medical problems, immensely improve the overall research competence and development ability in the field of biotechnology in our country, increase the scientific and technological contents of the agriculture of our country, solve the pressing problems faced up by our agriculture, and improve competence and health level of the people.

New material technology

        Center on the photoelectron material and its element technology, special-function material technology, high-performance structural material technology, etc., focus on the research of the design and manufacturing technologies for such advanced materials as photoelectric information material, nanometer material and its processing. Research and develop new-type energy transformation and storage material, electromagnetic wave shielding and absorbing material, special ceramic material, brand-new film material, intelligent material, biomedical material, environmental protection material, high-temperature super-conductive material, light-quality high-intensity high-endurance high-temperature anti-corrosion metal material, carbon/carbon composite material, ceramic base composite material, new-type metal base composite material, new-type organic-inorganic composite material, high-performance engineering plastics and high polymer alloy, ecological building material. Focus on the development of high-definition flat panel display and relevant technologies, etc. Provide supporting material for the pillar industries and national defense industry of our country, and improve the technological innovation of the material industry and competitiveness of products.

Advanced manufacturing and automation technologies

        Center on the modern integrated manufacturing system technology and robot technology, focus on the research of product development and design technologies under the globalized quick manufacturing environment, system integration and optimization technology, modern management technology, and advanced manufacturing techniques and equipments. Capture the advanced manufacturing oriented and robot based key technologies such as manufacturing unit and system, special robot and micro mechanical and electrical system, etc. Master the key technologies dominating the development and upgrading of manufacturing industries in the early years of the 21st century, so as to make contributions to the improvement of the comprehensive competitiveness of our national manufacturing industry and the realization of frog-leap development.

Energy technology

        Center on the follow-up energy technology and clean coal technology, focus on the research of such follow-up energy technologies as nuclear energy, biomass energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy, etc., as well as such key technologies as direct liquefaction technology of coal and non-dynamic gasification technology. Concentrate on the development of integrated coal gasification united circulation generation technology and equipments and the nuclear energy fast neutron test, etc. Provide technical support for the implementation of energy pluralistic development strategy and the improvement of energy production and consumption structure, and alleviate the serious situation of degrading energy shortage and environmental pollution in our country.

Resource environment technology

        Center on marine resource development technology, marine biotechnology, marine monitoring technology, environmental pollution prevention technique, etc., focus on the research of marine three-dimensional detection technology, land slope deep-water (200m~2000m) basin oil gas, marginal oil field, natural gas hydrate and deep-sea oil gas technology, screening and appraising of marine organism natural compound, obtaining and production of active materials and active protection technology, automatic ocean observation instruments and platform technology, integrated aperture sonar imaging technology, super sight distance marine motive force and environmental pollution monitoring and early warning technology, environmental organism application, polluted or degraded technology repairing and clean production technologies, etc. Formulate a innovative system for environmental protection and marine high technology, and upgrade the environmental pollution prevention technology and marine technology to the international level of the 1990s.

Aviation and space technology

        Focus on the research and development of return transportation system technology, air-ground integration information application network technology and medium and large-scale transportation airplane system technology; active conduct the research and development of deep-space detection technology centered on moon detection and the space station technology represented by manned spaceflight, maintain and develop the space technology advantage in the world, improve the technical ability to explore and utilize the space resources, accelerate the promotion of the key aviation technologies, and provide a technical platform for the construction of national economy and national security.

        2.2 Basic research

        Basic research is the source for scientific and technological and economic development, and the forerunner for new technology and new invention. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, center on the national strategic demands and international scientific front, concentrate every effort to support the research of the significant issues in national economy, social development and national security, enhance applied basic research, strive to make new progress in genomics, information science, nanometer science, ecological science, geoscience and space science, etc.; steadily push discipline construction, redouble the efforts in the pioneering and interdisciplinary research and accumulation on such key disciplines as mathematics, physics, chemistry and astronomy; create an environment for free thinking, pursuing the truth and making unceasing progress, encourage the scientists to carry on exploratory research. Unceasing efforts should be made in the cultivation of high-caliber talents team, strengthen the continuous innovation ability for the basic research of our country, make great efforts to climb the world science peak, strive to rank our country among the medium-level powers in the world science field through efforts of 10-15 years, and independently solve the significant scientific and technical problems in economic and social development and national security.

Major science issues

        According to the latest trends of the world science and technology development and the great demands of our national modernization construction, launch comprehensive research on the frontline fields and multi-disciplinary intersection, and provide basic, forward-looking and strategic scientific theoretical foundation for solving the important key problems in our national economy and social development.

        Agriculture field. Focus on the researches on such respects as molecule biology of the important economic properties of agriculture-oriented animals and plants, development and effective utilization of germplasms of animals and plants and gene resources, utilization of the moisture and nutrients of crops, resistible physiological base, plant diseases and insect pests, biological base for plant epidemic diseases prevention and treatment, high-efficient utilization of agricultural resources, reconstruction of ecological environment, and food security, etc.

        Energy field. Focus on the researches of the high-efficient clean energy dynamic system, new methods for coal pollution prevention and high-efficient clean transformation and utilization of petrifaction energy, high-efficient transformation of recycled energy and its energy system, new principles and methods for high-efficient and safe utilization of nuclear energy.

        Information field. Focus on the researches of new-type computer system structure and its system software, extensive high-speed network and information safety, comprehensive information based human-computer interaction, micro-optical electromechanical elements and its system integration and computation, quantum information, and photon technology, etc..

        Material field. Focus on the researches of the new theory and new methods for advanced material integration, preparation and processing, the design theory and structure and performance control of the material organization structure and performance, the cycle evaluation of the material's environmental behaviors and life-span behaviors, etc..

        Resource and environment fields. Focus on the researches of the new theories and methods for the assessment and search of large-scale mineral resources, the evolution laws of ecological environment and its control mechanism, evolution of the ecological environment of the inshore ocean system, bio-diversity protection and effective utilization, the formation mechanism and control of urban environmental pollution, formation mechanism and prediction method for serious natural calamities, the interaction between significant human engineering activities and natural environment and the mechanism, prediction and prevention of induced calamities, theories for the prediction of global climatic change areas.

        Population and health field. Focus on the researches of malignant tumour, pathogenesis and prevention foundation for vascular diseases and serious infectious diseases, pathogenic mechanism of important etiological microorganism, cells and biological macromolecules for such life activities as reproduction, development and aging, functional genome and protein for the embryo stem cells and tissue engineering and severe diseases, multi-disciplinary comprehensive research of the brain functions, etc.

Discipline building

        Abiding by the basic research rules, provide positive support for the active discipline fields which are at the international frontline in accordance with the overall trends of international science and technology development and the long-term requirements of the national social and economic development, and intensify the efforts in supporting the discipline domains in which our country has superiority and features, so as to further adjust, perfect the discipline structure and build up a basic research discipline system with Chinese characteristics and in conformity with contemporary scientific development. Steadily push the development of basic disciplines and applied basic disciplines, actively encourage and support the development of burgeoning disciplines, frontier disciplines and interactive disciplines, promote the interaction and integration between natural science and social science, and push the development of management science. Pay attention to developing psychological social science and human science.

Explorative research

        Encourages scientists to fully give play to imagination and creativity, and explore the unknown world freely. Facilitate the activities of finding new facts, new theories, new rules, and new methods, support the research on the basic theories in which new thoughts, new methods and new achievements may be produced; steadily and constantly support the outstanding scientific personnel who are provided with innovative thoughts and innovative methods to do the research work.

3. Improve the independent innovation ability of national defense technology and strengthen the scientific and technological support for national defense construction

        During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, under the guidance of the new-era military strategic principles specified by the Party Central Committee, the development of national defense science and technology must closely embrace the strategic objective of safeguarding our national security and national territorial integrity, concentrate on improving the national defense scientific and technological independent development and innovation ability of our country, seize the technological commanding point of the future high-tech war, improve the overall level of our weaponry, accelerate the process of upgrading our national defense equipments. Realize frog-leap development in the fields of key technology and important basic technology concerning weaponry, so as to provide technical support for the development of the new-generation national defense equipments. Vigorously develop the military-civilian dual-purpose technology, priority should be given on the development of new and high technology with fairly greater civilian potential, establish an initial benign operating mechanism for the national defense technological research and development characterized by combining military and civilian and residing military within civilian, so as to realize the two-way transformation and interactive development between the national defense technology and civilian technology and to promote the shaping of a new system for national defense science and technology.

4. Deepen the scientific and technological structure reform and build up national innovation system

        During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, the overall objective for the reform of scientific and technological system is to further emancipate productivity, and initially establish a vigorous national innovative system which accords with the requirements of socialist market economy and the development rules of science and technology itself, so as to lay a solid system foundation for the further development of scientific and technological productivity. The key points for the reform of scientific and technological system is to optimize the layout of scientific and technological force, rationally distribute technological innovative resources, further solve the problem of disjoint between science and technology and economy, and solve the problems of department ownership and unit division in the scientific research field. Enhance the construction of new scientific and technical innovation organizations, and promote the interaction and cooperation between science and technology and economy, between science and technology and education, and between civilian science and technology and national defense science and technology by taking system innovation as the initiative. Perfect the operating mechanism of innovative activities, adhere to integrated innovation, expand technological opening and exchanges, and maintain a coordinated development between innovative activities and economic and social environment.

        During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, further enhance the construction of scientific research system, technological development system and scientific and technological service system, reinforce the integration of production, teaching and research, so as to create an innovative network and operating mechanism with enterprises as the main body and scientific research institutions, universities, intermediary organization and government agencies interacting with each other. Continue to push the reform of scientific research institutions, the technological development scientific research institutions should, on basis of fully completing the enterprise transformation, deepen the restructuring of internal institutional framework, personnel structure and professional structure. Taking the property relations as the focal point, realize the commercial operating mechanism of enterprises in an all-round way, accelerate the establishment of modern corporate system. Take the personnel system and distribution system as the focal point, deepen the reform of scientific research institutions, establish and implement the supporting policies centered on social security, tax allowance and non-commercial organizations. The social public good scientific research institutions, in accordance with classified reform principles, fulfill the system transformation target; The reform of the scientific research institutions under Chinese Academy of Sciences should be implemented according to the requirements of "pilot project of knowledge innovation"; the scientific research institutions under social science departments should implement reform in accordance with the reform arrangements of other types public institutions. Strive to set up a new-type scientific and technological system during the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, so as to lay a solid foundation for the initial establishment of our national innovation system.

Continue to implement technological innovation project and promote enterprises to be the main body for technological progress and innovation. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, Target at improving the technological innovation ability and core competitiveness of enterprises, vigorously promote the construction of technological innovation system of enterprises centering on technological development center, so as to formulate a mechanism combining production, teaching and research and push large enterprises and enterprise groups to become the main strength participating in international competition. Establish technological innovation supporting system in service of small and medium-sized enterprises, and upgrade the innovation ability of small and medium-sized enterprises. Combine reasonably the system reform with management and technological innovation, perfect the technological innovation mechanism, build up a batch of technological innovation pilot enterprise, and set up a group of opening development bases with industrial common technology and manufacturing bases for complete sets of technical equipments, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technical achievements to realistic productivity, and promote technology upgrading of industries.

Continue to boost the knowledge innovation project and give play to the role of universities and scientific research institutions in innovation. Establish the national knowledge innovation system and boost the knowledge innovation project. Give play to role of universities and scientific research institutions in training outstanding innovative talents, implement high-level innovative talents project, and organize a elite and high-caliber backbone scientific and technical personnel team. Enhance the basic research and new and high technology research of universities and scientific research institutions, promote the integration between universities and scientific research institutions, and form a batch of scientific research institutions with international repercussions. Adopt diversified forms of common construction and common management, and build up a batch of industrial and regional scientific research bases in top universities and scientific research institutions.

        Advance the pilot work of knowledge innovation project in an all-round way. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, more efforts should be made to accelerate the restructuring and reform of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, set up 80 national institutes which are provided with strong scientific and technical innovation and international competition capacity, and abundant self-development ability, and make it the important international level base for knowledge innovation, technological innovation and advanced scientific and technical innovation talents, foster it into an important base and resource for the development of new and high technological industries, cultivate is into an important source for important scientific and technological decisions, an important base and source for modern scientific civilization and innovative culture, and an important representative in the international scientific circles.

Intensify the construction of intermediary service system. Provide special support for a batch of socialized scientific and technological intermediary service organizations covering science and technology assessment, technical consultation, achievement popularization, technological transactions of property rights, technology brokerage, and technical innovative service for enterprises, etc., improve the professionals' proficiency and service quality. Enhance the construction of new and high technology development service center, productivity promotion center, enterprise technological innovation service center, professional technological associations, campus science and technology parks and various incubators, improve the ability of incubating scientific and technological small enterprises and fostering scientific and technological entrepreneurs; set up and amplify the legal policy framework of scientific and technological intermediary service organizations.

Reinforce the construction of scientific research bases and basic conditions. Reinforce the united construction of scientific research bases and scientific research facilities, and on the basis of giving full play to the role of existing scientific research bases, build up some new important science projects. Reorganize the build some national key laboratories. Build a batch of engineering centers in the fields of modern agriculture, biology, information and environmental resources, etc. improve the nationalization level of scientific research instruments, and bring about the advancement of instrument industry. Intensify cooperation and resource-sharing, and vitalize the remnant of scientific research instruments; develop and establish the natural benchmark of basic quantity and quantity transformation system, do well the work of test animals, chemical reagents and national basic standardization; support the establishment and compilation of a batch of basic science units, reference objects and terminologies, carry on such accumulative long-term jobs as of background investigation. Build numerous national key field test stations and platforms, build up and maintain the national basic science data center, national scientific and technological achievements websites, national digitalized science and technology documentation service website and database for key science and technology development.

Expand international scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges. Actively participate in the global, regional international scientific research plans, support in priority the international scientific research plans forwarded by the scientists of our country and in which our country has certain advantages; set forth special plans for international scientific and technological cooperation, and make coordinated arrangements for the national-level strategic international collaborative projects; develop international skilled personnel resources, especially intelligence resources of overseas Chinese; support the construction of a batch of capable international scientific and technological cooperation bases; selectively open up national-level major science and technology plans to the other countries, and support overseas research institutions to cooperate with domestic research institutions, encourage foreign-funded enterprises to set up research and development agencies in our country; energetically support the internationalization of technological innovation of the enterprises, and promote the enterprises to play a more important role in international scientific and technological cooperation.

5. Crucial Measures and Supporting Conditions

1. Enhance the building of skilled personnel team

        Intensify the government's macro control and policy guide, give full play to the basic function of market mechanism in human resources distribution, and set up an effective mechanism of talent incentive and cooperative competition, perfect the legal system for talents reasonable flow, and encourage scientific and technical personnel to innovate and start business; continue to implement the country's various outstanding talent plans, improve the overall quality of skilled personnel team, optimize the structure of scientific and technological team, and build well the teams of technological innovation, scientific research, scientific and technological entrepreneurs, management of science and technology, and scientific and technological intermediary service, etc.

2. Increase the investment in science and technology of the country and the whole society

        Fully utilize the market mechanism, manoeuvre various positive factors, and greatly increase the investment in science and technology of the whole society. Take active measures to encourage enterprises to increase research and development funds, motivate the enterprises to become the main body for scientific and technical innovation investment, continue to give play to the guiding role of the scientific and technological innovative funds of small and medium-sized enterprises; establish and perfect the new investment and financing mechanism and incentive mechanism, especially the venture investment mechanism, insurance mechanism, scientific and technological credit mechanism and credit assessment mechanism which conform to the development of new and high-tech industries; finance at all levels should conscientiously increase the investment in science and technology.

3. Improve the management of science and technology plans

        The national scientific and technological programs should support the hi-tech research and major special plans for technological innovation, basic research, research and development conditions construction and the environmental construction of scientific and technological industrialization; enhance the research on strategic development of science and technology and the work for technical prediction, give full play to the consultation function of the academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering on the country's important scientific and technological decisions; readjust the planned system structure, transform the planned management modes, reduce repeated intersection, realize relative independence in planning, decision-making, management and appraisal, establish and perfect the competition, supervision and restriction mechanisms; implement subject system in an all-round way, actively pursue bidding system for scientific and technological projects, set up scientific, just science and technology assessment system, and perfect the legal system for the implementation of science and technology programs.

4. Optimize the policy environment for scientific and technological development

        Push the legislation work for science and technology and reinforce the execution of existing scientific and technological laws and regulations, set forth fiscal policies and financial support policies which are favorable for scientific and technological development. Perfect the policies for intellectual property right protection intensify the protection of intellectual property rights. Reform and perfect the scientific and technological incentive system, and set forth income distribution system which is favorable for innovation and pioneering, and policies and measures for encouraging the growth of innovative talents. Continuously improve the working and living conditions of the scientific and technical personnel and raise the treatment of the scientific and technical talents.

5. Enhance the work of science and technology popularization

        Fully utilize the public medias, such as journalism, broadcasting and television, and internet, etc., carry forward scientific spirit, propagate scientific thoughts and methods, popularize scientific knowledge, and practical technologies. Establish the high social image of scientists and technical experts, and make the scientific and technical research be a respectable job; fully utilize the infrastructures, such as library, science and technology center, and museums, etc., hold various scientific and technological activities; open up relevant national laboratories, and receive teenagers' visits and study; set up channels for outstanding teenagers to communicate with scientists; encourage the whole society to set up public welfare causes related to popular science, raise capital in many ways to build a batch of popular science bases; encourage the creation of popular science works, development and exhibition of popular science products, and publication of scientific and technological books and periodicals; encourage the experts and scholars of various fields to move into the society to propagate scientific knowledge; strengthen cultural construction, and create a good social environment for scientific and technical innovation.